1,4-Cyclohexanecarboxylates: potent and selective inhibitors of phosophodiesterase 4 for the treatment of asthma

Evaluation of a variety of PDE4 inhibitors in a series of cellular and in vivo assays suggested a strategy to improve the therapeutic index of PDE4 inhibitors by increasing their selectivity for the ability to inhibit PDE4 catalytic activity versus the ability to compete for high affinity [3H]rolipram-binding sites in the central nervous system. Use of this strategy led ultimately to the identification of cis-4-cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxyl ic acid (1, SB 207499, Ariflo), a potent second-generation inhibitor of PDE4 with a decreased potential for side effects versus the archetypic first generation inhibitor, (R)-rolipram.     

Molecular heterogeneity of the L-1 metallo-beta-lactamase family from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the blaS gene encoding the carbapenem-hydrolyzing L-1 beta-lactamase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia GN12873. Analysis of the DNA and deduced amino acid sequences identified a product of 290 amino acids. Comparisons of the L-1 amino acid sequence with those of other zinc beta-lactamases showed 88.6% identity with the L-1 enzyme from S. maltophilia IID1275 and less than 20% identity with other class B metalloenzymes.     

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and IGFBP-5 share a common nuclear transport pathway in T47D human breast carcinoma cells

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) play an integral role in modifying insulin-like growth factor actions in a wide variety of cell types. Recent evidence suggests that IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 also have effects on cell growth that are insulin-like growth factor-independent. In investigating possible mechanisms for this effect, the intracellular trafficking of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5, both of which contain sequences with the potential for nuclear localization, was studied in T47D cells. Nuclear uptake of fluorescently labeled IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 was observed in a proportion of T47D cells that appeared to be rapidly dividing. IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2, which do not possess the putative domain for nuclear translocation, were not transported to the nuclei of T47D cells. When T47D cells were preincubated with excess unlabeled IGFBP-3, nuclear localization of labeled IGFBP-3 or IGFBP-5 was not detected, indicating that their nuclear translocation involves a common pathway. Inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis did not affect nuclear uptake of IGFBP-3, suggesting that it uses an alternative non-classical import pathway for transport across the plasma membrane. In addition, a variant form of IGFBP-3 with a mutation in the putative nuclear localization sequence was unable to translocate to the nuclei of T47D cells, suggesting that nuclear translocation of IGFBP-3 was dependent on these carboxyl-terminal basic residues.     

Clinical evaluation of aminocaproic acid for managing traumatic hyphema in children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of secondary hemorrhage after traumatic hyphema in children and to evaluate the efficacy of epsilon aminocaproic acid in reducing this incidence. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study performed between November 1987 and February 1994, 94 children admitted for traumatic hyphema were assigned to receive either aminocaproic acid (n = 48) (100 mg/kg every 4 hours; maximum, 30 g daily) or placebo (n = 46) for 5 days. Patients who had ingested aspirin in the week preceding admission were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 9.4 years. Black patients comprised 4% of the study population. Secondary hemorrhage occurred in only three patients (3.2%), two from the placebo group and one from the aminocaproic acid group, none of whom had any complications. The duration of hospital stay and the clot resorption times were increased significantly in the aminocaproic acid group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The authors report a very low incidence of secondary hemorrhage compared with most previous studies. This difference is likely related to the small proportion of black patients in our study and to the exclusion of patients having ingested aspirin, two factors that seem to be associated with higher rates of rebleeding. The efficacy of aminocaproic acid could not be determined due to the low incidence of hemorrhage. The results of this study, however, suggest that the incidence of secondary hemorrhage in white patients without prior ingestion of aspirin is insufficient to justify routine use of aminocaproic acid in managing traumatic hyphema. Rather, an individualized decision based on the risk factors of each patient would seem more appropriate to avoid a slower clot resorption time and possible side effects of this medication.